After the death of Zigizmunda III v1632 Brest nobility (takes a very important part in the perfect policy) decided in their Diet just Brest Province, without exception they all go to the polls in Warsaw Sejm and, according to the General Confederation of Warsaw, pointed to the wounds of the fatherland, to participate in the drafting of conditions of the new king and his electing free vote, free election. Some time before driving alone elected ambassadors. Privileges Orthodoxy data Polish kings. The fall of Poland.

Shmuel Moyshevich and Leyzor Lazarovych in agreement Brest Jewish Kahal (community) sold in the 1631 parade in Brest on the coast road Muhovtsa near Vilna in 2000 cop Lithuanian pennies on the church and monastery of St. Saviour. King confirmed the deal and gave the church and convent of the same rights as Roman Catholic monasteries (1).

Until 1648 there in acts of Brest many complaints from priests of the insults, assaults and beatings. Evil is not yet ripe to 1648; still being built; prepare; on both sides of many blunders, scandals, assaults, insults.

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(1) Acts. As can be seen here and on many other different acts, Polish kings belonged to the Orthodox Church quite tolerant and humane. And these acts are orthodox historians. Complaints of harassment are so amazing. However, Russian historians mention that the Zaporozhye Cossacks rose, wanting to help the brothers from Lvov, Brest and Vilna. Consequently there have been complaints, cries, pleas help. Oppressed Orthodox pose: How can we be useful to the state, to serve faithfully observe the laws and when nas no rights.

Russian monuments of antiquity.


{73}In a moment of rage and temper one side has forgotten about the consequences, never missed a single arraignment, not to respond to the same tem and punish with all rigor. Yes; whether it was possible to pass, when the opponent is willing to enter riots anarchy excesses to, make some noise, lift on his feet all the discontented agitation arising out sometimes move on to the target. It was necessary, along with the benefits and rights, with gentleness and tolerance: punish most criminal, insolence.

In any case, the Polish kings Orthodox complain, there was nothing. The Polish government gave concessions to Orthodoxy as much or when the Moscow government, did not think to give yes and never gave any but the Russian people. Maybe the Polish population itself was not quite nagging Orthodox clergy, especially if suspected of political intrigue, saps. Then of course; not treated kindly. Revenge reigned everywhere. And that is just waiting.

In 1648 and 1649 Bohdan, Kozak encouraged and backed by the Russian government, big wild army attacked Poland for the offense Orthodox Church (1). He cut many Poles, and many gave first severely tortured and then killed. The same was done to the Jews, though no Jews, the union was not satisfied.

Battle was unheard of. Poles and Jews slaughtered most ungodly way.

During the fray was captured in Brest Poles Cossack Hetman Kosinski and immured alive in a stone pillar. Simeon monastery abbot of Brest Athanasius, adherents of Orthodoxy, suspected of sympathizing with the Cossacks, and in delivering them to powder and sheets (2), was first imprisoned and then tortured in a field of about (3) Gershon. He became a martyr. His relics rest in Brest Simeon Church, which existed until 1816 when it burned down.

Peter the Great during his stay in Brest, sent to St. Petersburg particle these relics (4).

During the Khmelnytsky fled from Brest in Wielkopolska and Danzig all the rich and wealthy Jews alone were poor weasel and maybe together with the Poles

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(1) Ilovajskij believes that there was a personal revenge Khmelnytsky Panama, yes encourage Moscow. A brief sketch of the East. Ilovaisky.
(2) Suspicion was not without reason.
(3) At Brest.
(4) From Russian sources.

{74} fought and defended their homeland. Them among the Cossacks killed in 2000 (1).

Thereafter until open war took a little time. In 1654, finally broke matured Russian-Polish war. Russia won the Belarusians and Lithuania and also Brest, but in 1556 was followed by a truce, in which Lithuania, and thus also Brest again passed to Poland.

In 1657 Brest was badly damaged by the attack, Duke of Transylvania and King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden.


In 1658, King Jan Kazimierz, at the request of the mayor of Brest Jerome Toad and his wife, gives them the privilege to build a church in the village Hershanowitch. The reason for this was the fact that all the Uniate Church , which were for for Mukhavets and Bug, were burned by the enemy and tradesmen Brest affected by its invasion and of a plague, to build them up again could not. While flood waters on the occasion of the Bug, and boiler Muhovtsa even during the existence of Brest churches and Gershanovitskie, Prilutskaya royal peasants could not baptize their children and attend church in solemn feasts.

In 1660 a consequence of the invasion was the former Moscow: Moscow army took was Brest Castle; suspend the laws of the Commonwealth and their place spade Moscow certificates and laws; Cossacks and the Russian army general shamelessly plundered in the Brest and in the outskirts, in Chernavchitsah, etc. In addition, there was a lot of traitors who have conveyed the news of the royal army, with the Cossacks plundered and shared with them the prey, and do various other outrages. Of them are known among other Dembinski and others. Brest was then governor of Moscow. Dembinski, as seen from the acts were purchased Moscow Government increase unrest. Dembinski swore Russia, for which received diplomas on estates in Brest province.

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(1) We do not know the charges and guilty about taking them Jews rent churches. In any case in Brest Jews such tenants is not. And if it is true, then what happened proverb: pan, jew and a dog - all faith however (Poles and Ruthenians, Kiev old 1882 that I) it has nothing to do with the Brest Jews. But the trouble was that the Poles were the upper class, the average Jews and Ruthenians or Russian - last servile. Here, sparked fury, but Moscow's policy of conquest. Monuments Russian of antiquity gives lists of Orthodox churches in the western provinces , the list includes only one Volchinskaya (Leeds County Vilnius province) of wood which were sold to Pan Jew who have

{75} In Acts Brest for the next year is also written in Russian act:

Great Emperor, the King and the Great, Prince Alexei Mikhailovich of All the great and small and White Russia Autocrat. In Brest city swore at me - governor Prince Leonti Kirilovich Shakhovskoy Gentry, Matthew and Ian Dembinski, siblings. And their oath that they perpetrated under his hand up high on the great rulers in perpetual vassals given to them in the award of eldership Kameno village Joy - Matthew Dembinski, and his brother Jan - Milisbiche and Bucheml-shlyahetskoe village.

However, State City Court Management in Brest, remained as before Polish.

1661 King John Casimir gave the city a means to settle at its best.

What kind of Brest had then, we can imagine sleduyushy of acts:

Brest Mayors Gabriel and Roman Romanovsky Matsievich also declare all urban society (King Jan Kazimierz) that in 1660, January 13, Moscow army took the city of Brest; while with the former bane. Burgomasters, Rayts (advisors, vowels), other members of the municipal government and the small number of people killed privileges workshops on civic freedoms and various crafts, books Magdeburg rights, and most importantly - have died receipts from taxes collected by state-owned, which all went into hands of the enemy. Brest all ruined and burned. On this basis, after the abandonment of the city of Moscow army escape the sword residents devastated when he returned to his ashes and choosing a new two mayors, earnestly ask King Jan Kazimierz grant them different liberties and also restore and confirm them all killed former privileges and do not expose them to liability about lost receipts in the payment of taxes treasury (1).

This act is written in Polish.

More pitiable represented residents of the city of Kamenetz (not far from Brest).

Castle burned churches too, church utensils plundered

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(1) Acts and all paper documents n conquerors considered very expensive production, which is the ultimate. Plans and maps - all he needs. Thus is incomplete and inaccurate stories on shortage and forgery attacks. So the history is interrupted and Brest many times after the war, fire, ruin. Often also deliberate concealment or destruction of securities for its figures for selfish purposes, such as harboring receipts

{76} Hall with books business, home town, and the threshing floor of the manor - burned and devastated; cattle, chickens, geese and other to hell; people belonging to the Duma, some beaten, others collected in captivity; remaining the same people saw (Vozniy Brest Province) scorched, nicked hanging in sandals and coarse heavy cloth and coated sheets

That was, terrible devastation of the area.

Very interesting instruction (1661) nobles Brest Province, this deputies sent to the Sejm election - Benedict Sapieha and Stepan Kurch:

Ask amnesty covering some debts. Swedish king to accept the offer of friendship and try to enter into a close alliance with them against the treacherous, the enemy (Russia) ... try to prove the fraternal unity of Lithuania (with Poland, against the interests of Moscow) and the falsity of separatism (diligence Moscow government was weakened by this unity, Lithuania attract to their side against such separatism iron wall stood nobility Brest Province)....request the transfer of customs duties and charges strangles, reliable people so that would not impede the performance of contracts Lithuanian belongings, as is the case with the Jews...to apply for the preservation of the old custom fit to the troops in the province and the deadline for this assign the Holy Trinity…resolution of navigation on the river...the destruction Mukhovets duties Brest gateway where Jews under the pretext of state-owned interests do gentry different oppression...confirmation law Lex sumtuarea - as consequence of luxury, merchants, craftsmen and even redneck, allow yourself to go to the gentry dresses, commodity prices have risen to an incredible degree and many others.

In 1662 Vilensky steward freed Brest burghers, given the recent devastation of their conscription, just as the king freed them from all taxes for four years.

In 1663 Senators, dignitaries, urban and rural judges, inhabitants of Brest Province, announced that in 1661 they collectively went on to release the Brest fortress of the enemy (Moscow) hands, led Malhera - Stanislav Savitsky Brest castellan, without weapons, gunpowder and lead, without the full knowledge of the case and in limited quantities, and as a result did not have the corresponding success.. However, after the first skirmishes near Brest, they unanimously put on a diet to give your leader, Castellan {77}Savitsky podymnoy double sum taxes on all estates. Protest Zhardetskago rejected.

In 1663, appealed to King Jan Casimir Bolotkovskie subjects (7 miles from Brest, under the most Terespol) complaining of Brest magistrate that he makes them great obstacles livelihood, and sends them to soldiers (1). King makes magistrate reminder.

Collectors embracing taxes, and Grigorzh Voginets and Gregory Dyalkovich the same in 1663 were transferred to the court for failure to Brest commoners accounts they collected taxes.

Nobility Brest Province instructs deputy Vladislav Shumsky sends to the king to present him Brest Province on the border of being crown ( unlike the Polish Lithuanian ) possessions after the devastation of Moscow's troops would have to shoulder all the hardships of wartime troops from anadromous and thus brought to the extreme devastation and therefore apply to the king gave more people appointed to the seat of the content of the Brest Fortress ; Also requests for confirmation of a private security taxes for one year to the vacancies in the province for the future represented by the natives having their estates.

In general, how would these gentlemen have not tried for myself, but also asked for the city in general, protect its interests in the form of relief. They were active in rural representatives, not police authorities.

In 1664 Mr. King notify Brest on universal militia against Russian, because of the latest upcoming new war.

In 1668 the king ordered the military chiefs strictly Brest savings allow themselves often do church for billeting troops, and took church property, stop looting and deliver reward offended for the future of the Church and military billeting fees.

In 1669 Brest Kahal (Jewish community) makes a record of what has long been given to them on the ground chinsh Cosmo Demyanovskaya church in the city of Brest, on the Russian street, paying annually to 20 zlotys chinshu; senior Kahal vouch that my countrymen which has taken

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(1) Hold all soldiers often caused hardships and was the subject of molestation. Especially when burdened, held prayer houses. During billeting were looting and violence

{78}parade their homes regularly will always pay this chinsh even if fire or destruction of homes by the enemy. Signed in Hebrew or in Polish: Joseph Davidovich, Talko Naftalovich, Isak Simonovic, Yuda Jacobovits, Beira Meerovitch, Movsha Yanovsky, Chaim Shmuilovich, Meer Aaronovitch.

In 1670, 1672 dealt litigation between the Metropolitan of Kiev and Gabriel Kalend kagalom Brest and Kobrin Jews of lawsuits and accusations of murder. But intrigue Kolenda were unsuccessful.

In 1673 followed the wagon great Hetman Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Michael Paz, liberating Greek Uniate clergy from military obligations. In 1676 the king and freed him from the secular court.

About 1680 was burned for heresy in Warsaw Brest Lyschinsky judge. He loved to read and meditate on God. Reading times (in Brest) Genesis, wrote on the book: [hebrew text] "If so, then there is no God." Bishop Vilensky Brzhostovsky told Sapieha grab his atheism, for which he was burned at the stake in Warsaw. Kraszewski, Wilno, 11, 64.

In 1682 the Jesuits in Brest robbed two monks planted gardens and given to the peasants, the King forbids the Jesuits like willfulness.

In 1698, King August II gives the church located in Brest for Muhovtsem in custody, Orthodox burghers Brest, imposing a fine on either claim stating what the church.

In 1699, gives the Orthodox, population Zamuhavetskomu monastery privilege on the ground and to build a mill with exemption from all duties except chinsha.

And so tolerant, humane, democratic Polish kings are trying to cater to the requirements of the victorious Russia full consciousness just requirements of all without distinction of creeds and nationalities, fearing revenge ever-increasing conqueror, Russia, insisting her amenable. But the people, distressed and hungry for revenge for the wrongs carping and ruin the nation whose Jesuits had as yet good soil, this nation could not be so humane forever resisted orders of the king, that precipitated the fall of Poland.

Poland is more weakened. Russian State increasingly grew stronger and expanded, takes the country from Poland, and after in Sweden, Turkey and others. {79}In 1705 Petr Veliky (1) passing through Brest took out the relics of St. Martyr, 1648, and sent to his capital.

In 1706 Brest was again ravaged by the Swedish King Charles XII.

In 1735, King Augustus III on presentation of specific in his court, gives Brest Orthodox monastery privilege, equating his rights with the rights of other monasteries Greek confession; also bestows fundatsiya, land, forests, mills and the like.

In 1753, the former abbot of the monastery of Orthodox Zamuhavetskago Beloshitsky, of Orthodoxy moved to union and the went to Brest bazilianam (2) and gave some land Orthodox monastery, attaching them to the Basilian monastery. Orthodox monastery abbot Grinevetsky began an affair (lawsuit) with the Basilian Manastir, which, however, was solved by a compromise, dividing and distributing both monasteries in parts.

In 1761 intervention of the Russian Empress Catherine the Polish throne was selected last king Stanislaw August Poniatowski. Poland is already nearing to a perfect fall and ruin. All of the cases it dealt Austria, Prussia and Russia, mostly the latter.

Empress Catherine, managing Poland, which ascended to the throne saying that expand the rights of all, except the Jews, (3) (almost inherited from Poland-Belarus, the Little Russian and other, equalized in rights in Poland Jews) Empress of the imitator and pupil of Voltaire and Diderot, publisher of "punishment" did not like the Jewish congresses in Poland and Lithuania. And they shadow autonomy ceased.

Jews began to feel a strange land, though still on Polish territory. Something smelled deprivation, harshness, the spirit of hating Jews. And they stopped using the full civil right to live and develop freely.

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(1) Peter visited different churches, of course, wanting to know everything. But he was credited for having no sympathy for Orthodoxy. Thick as in " Roman Catholicism in Russia" argues that the visit was on the occasion of a family of some approximate Peter , and leads from Monuments historiques de Russie, Theiner, p. 379-383.
In Brest, Greco - Uniate Metropolitan Zalewski stretched too far his zeal to Roman Catholicism, he became vilified before Peter Orthodox Church. The king said to him, I respect good Catholics, but such daring people like you, and beat Batog and hang. Roman Catholicism in Russia , so I page 150.

(2) Acts for 1753

(3) [Hebrew Text]


{80}This change applies to the Jews of Brest. Jews suddenly dispirited.

In 1772, when the first partition of Poland, Brest went to Austria. Brest himself further still considered Poland, but since Terespol were thought to be Austria. In 1793, Russia received Minsk province, Podolia and Volhynia to Brest from the south.

In September 1792 members gathered in Brest Targovicheskoy confederation (1) supported Catherine, and led to the invasion of Russian troops into Poland. Hence (Brest) sent delegates to fold thanks to Rossi and Empress for her mercy. Then; Confederation Council transferred from Brest to Grodno. The purpose of the confederation, had to leave the old order in Poland, to prevent reform (rebirth of Poland), the throne is not hereditary and known liberum veto (nie pozwalam, protest), which each member could reject the decision of the majority in the Sejm collected. Thanks to this order or disorder. Russia has found it possible to send troops to Poland in 1793 and took the above named area.

In 1794, the Poles, led by glorious Kosciusko, started to take away their land from invaders. Russian General Suvorov made for war. Among others, fought and near Brest.

7th of September 1794 came to an army of Suvorov Trishina (village near Brest) and Shpanovicham. Brest Jews gathered in the synagogue, and decided to send a deputation to Suvorov, who took her to the fields Trishina promised mercy on the Jews.

Suvorov surrounded Brest. We had to cross the river. Kuzma farmer from the village of Suvorov Shpanovichi showed the most convenient place to cross. Brest in Terespol in churches and hit the alarm. There was a decisive moment for Brest, horrible, fought life and death, freedom and slavery. But freedom goes off after a minute of agony. And soon Suvorov won this whole area.

At the end of the war followed the third partition of Poland. Russia has among other things, and Lithuania, including Brest Province. In Brest agreed border between Russia and Austria.

In 1796 Brest appointed county town of Slonim province.

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(1) [German and Hebrew text]


{81}In 1797 Brest became part of Lithuania, and in 1801 in the Grodno province (1).

In 1807, restored the Duchy of Warsaw. Austrians left (under pressure from Napoleon's patron, Poland.) On the Bug and Brest border clash between Russia and Poland (2). Duchy of Warsaw under the name of the Kingdom of Poland annexed to Russia in 1815

If fate had not changed France, Napoleon not only would not allow the humiliation of Poland, but would assist in every way its exaltation.

It was not like the north-European powers and, just after the war in 1812 the French suffered a terrible defeat, immediately joins the Duchy of Warsaw Russia under the name of the Kingdom of Poland.

Brest became a Russian city in 1815.

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(1) Kharkevich, Pamyagnik Suvorov Brest on the battlefield. In order of importance now believe: Grodno, Bialystok, Brest, Slonim, Pruzany, Vaŭkavysk, Kobrin, etc.

(2)Settled between the customs affecting the national and economic life of the two neighboring cities of Brest and neighboring Poland.

Notes: